A discipline that examines the interactions of states (and sometimes subnational entities) with one another and with international organizations, often through diplomatic means. It can also focus on global challenges like terrorism, pandemics and migration that transcend national borders and require cooperation between states and non-state actors. The field is often multidisciplinary, spanning academic disciplines such as political science, geography, history, law and sociology. It also draws on a range of different theoretical frameworks, including realism, liberalism and constructivism.
The emergence of international relations in the 20th century reflected a growing belief that foreign and military affairs were no longer the exclusive preserve of rulers and other elites and should be open to the public, increasing transparency and scrutiny. This shift was reinforced by the belief that the development of global knowledge and understanding could help to promote peace and goodwill between nations.
Some scholars argue that the current international system is characterized by interdependence, arguing that states are increasingly dependent on and responsible for one another due to increased economic globalisation and common operating principles in areas such as security. This is often seen as a challenge to the traditional idea of sovereignty, and the theory has been influenced by ideas such as dependency theory.
The field of international relations has become increasingly popular as a graduate option, with many graduates completing a master’s degree in subjects such as security studies, diplomacy or global governance. This is often complemented by work experience or an internship, which can help to build a network of contacts and open up future career opportunities.